Campbell Soup Company. (2021). 2021 annual report. https://s27.q4cdn.com/108522393/files/doc_financials/2021/ar/Campbell-Soup-Company-2021-Annual-Report.pdf
McDonald’s Corporation. (2022, February 24). Form 10-K. SEC EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000063908/000006390822000011/mcd-20211231.htm
BCC Research Staff. (2019, March). Wearable medical devices: Technologies and global markets. https://www.bccresearch.com/
Bloomberg. (2019). Company analysis for Bank of Canada. https://www.bloomberg.com/
Bloomberg. (2017). Environmental, social, and governance analysis for Bank of Canada 11/10/12 to 11/10/17. https://www.bloomberg.com/
Park, K., Philip, S., Davies, W., Man, Y., & Amin, H. (2020, April 20). The virus clips AirAsia’s wings. Bloomberg Businessweek, 16–17.
(product is renamed -- see FitchConnect entry)
Brunico Communications. (n.d.). Bell Media. CARDOnline. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.cardonline.ca/
CB Insights. (n.d.). OLIO [Company profile]. Retrieved June 10, 2020, from https://www.cbinsights.com/
Find the permalink to cite the Census table directly whenever possible, rather than the various visualization tools such as CHASS which do not have permalinks.
Statistics Canada. (2017). Census profile, 2016 Census: Montréal (Census metropolitan area), Quebec and Quebec (Province) (Table 98-316-X2016001) [Data set]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0
Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Income - total sex: Total - income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households [Data set]. CHASS. http://datacentre.chass.utoronto.ca/
Find the permalink to cite the Census table directly whenever possible, rather than the various visualization tools such as Census Business Builder which do not usually have permalinks.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). Construction: Summary statistics for the US, states, and selected geographies (Table EC1723BASIC) [Data set]. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ECNBASIC2017.EC1723BASIC&t=Employment%3ANew%20Housing%20%28Construction%20and%20Sales%29&vintage=2017&hidePreview=false
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). QuickFacts: Madison city, Wisconsin. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/madisoncitywisconsin/LND110210
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). Census business builder: Small business edition - 3.0.1 [Map showing restaurants in the Dane County, WI area and surrounding counties]. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://cbb.census.gov/sbe/#
Deutsche Bank. (2020, April 28). 3M: Under the mask [Analyst report]. Dun & Bradstreet. http://logon.onesource.com/
Dun & Bradstreet. (n.d.). Kohl's Corporation [Company profile]. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from http://logon.onesource.com/
Some reports are HTML and without a date; some are PDFs with a date.
Dun & Bradstreet. (n.d.). Space research & technology [Industry profile]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from http://logon.onesource.com
MarketLine. (2020, January). Home & garden products in the United States [Industry profile]. Dun & Bradstreet. http://logon.onesource.com/
Dun & Bradstreet. (2019, December 6). Target Corporation SWOT analysis. http://logon.onesource.com/
Energy Information Administration. (2020, May 17). Retail gasoline prices: Gasoline prices - all grades, 08/20/1990 - 05/11/2020 [Data set]. Department of Energy; Data Planet Statistical Datasets. https://doi.org/10.6068/DP1722EF40B2064
Economist Intelligence Unit. (2018). China [Country analysis]. https://www.eiu.com
Briggs, P., Dolliver, M., Kim, A., Koch, L., & Wurmser, Y. (2020, February). Canada digital habits by generation: Identifying key distinctions across age groups, from teens to baby boomers. eMarketer. https://www.emarketer.com/
Mordor Intelligence. (2019, July 30). Global kombucha market: Segmented by type, distribution channel, and geography – analysis of growth, trends, and forecast [Market report]. EMIS. https://www.emis.com/
You may need to use a search engine to find the URL for a particular report.
Risk Management Association. (2019, November 11). Financial ratio benchmarks 2019-2020 for NAICS 11110: Soybean farming. https://www.rmahq.org/ProductDetail.aspx?productid=684685779
Dun & Bradstreet reports seem to be available in multiple databases, so in such cases APA says not to include the database name or URL.
Dun & Bradstreet. (2019, May 27). Automotive repair & maintenance services [Industry profile].
(Formerly called BMI Research) Fitch Solutions Group Limited. (n.d.). Mexico agribusiness report Q1 2020 [Industry profile]. FitchConnect. https://www.fitchsolutions.com/fitch-connect
Frost and Sullivan. (2018, November 28). Future of mass market and premium performance vehicles, 2025. https://ww2.frost.com
Wallin, L., & Silva, C. (2019, December 17). Top 10 technologies that are defining the future of mobility, 2019 update. Gartner. https://www.gartner.com
Michigan State University. (n.d.). Afghanistan: Introduction. GlobalEdge. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/afghanistan
Michigan State University (n.d.) Country comparator. GlobalEdge. https://globaledge.msu.edu
Reports with a named author at the bottom of the page:
Main, K. (n.d.). China: The business experience. Global Road Warrior. https://www.globalroadwarrior.com/
Reports with no named author:
Global Road Warrior. (n.d.) Rwanda: Historical timeline. https://www.globalroadwarrior.com/
Some reports are reprinted from elsewhere, sometimes with slight updates, so indicate that in the Author position:
U.S. Department of State, & World Trade Press. (2019). Mexico: Human rights report for 2018. Global Road Warrior. https://www.globalroadwarrior.com/
Most reports have a unique identifier number, so use it in parentheses after the title. In this case, also include a more specific description in the brackets than just [Industry report] as is often used elsewhere, because IBIS has risk and other reports as well as global, state, and other levels of industry reports, and sometimes the titles and numbers are the same.
Diment, D. (2019, December). Corporate wellness services (OD4621) [U.S. specialized industry report]. IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/
Egan, S. (2021, May) Car & automobile manufacturing in the US (33611A) [U.S. industry iExpert summaries report]. IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/
Lombardo, C. (2019, July). Breweries in Colorado (CO31212) [U.S. industry state report]. IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/
McGrath, S. (2020, June). Global commercial real estate (K6111-GL) [Global industry report]. IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/
MarketLine. (2019). Renewable energy in Mexico [Industry profile]. https://www.marketline.com
MarketLine. (2019). Immunology influencer network: Influencer analytics 2/27/2020 - 5/27/2020. https://www.marketline.com
Example when retrieved from Business Source Complete:
MarketLine. (2020). Air freight in Australia [Industry profile]. Business Source Complete. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/business-source-complete
Mind Commerce. (2020, May). IoT in healthcare: Market outlook and forecasts 2020-2027 [Market report]. MarketResearch.com Academic. https://www.marketresearch.com/
Global energy consumption, 2016. (2020). In R. S. Lazich & V. L. Burton, III (Eds.), Market Share Reporter (30th ed.). Gale.
Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group [Company profile]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php
Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group: R. Dean Hollis [Executive bio]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php
You may need to use a search engine to find the URL for a particular report.
Failla, J. (2020, April). Quick service restaurants - US. Mintel. https://reports.mintel.com/display/986928/#
Mintel. (n.d.). Shampoo & conditioners: Retail market segmentation by values. Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://marketsizes.mintel.com/
(formerly called MRI University Reporter, Simmons Insights, or Simmons OneView)
Since the title of the dataset is not very descriptive of your particular data retrieved, include a description of the variables you used so that somebody else could figure out what you did.
MRI-Simmons. (2019). Spring 2019 NHCS adult study 12 month [Male 18-34] [Segmentation profile]. https://simmonsinsights.com/
MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2017 NHCS adult study 12 month [Cell phones / smartphones brands owned by consumer demographics - age, gender, household income] [Data set]. https://simmonsinsights.com/
MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2017 NHCS adult study 6 month [Computer software types owned by age] [Data set]. https://simmonsinsights.com/
Quick Report - Demographic Profile
MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2018 NHCS adult study 12 month [Target: TUMS-brands used most] [Demographic profile]. https://simmonsinsights.com/
MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2018 NHCS adult study 12 month [Base/ Millennials] [Segmentation profile]. https://simmonsinsights.com/
(product discontinued -- see MRI Simmons entry)
LexisNexis. (n.d.). Ford Motor Company [Company profile]. Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://www.lexisnexis.com/
The Who's Who of Company Directors. (2017, April 6). H. Jay Sarles. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com
Zoom Company Information. (2020, May). Ernst & Young Global Limited. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com
Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.
LexisNexis. (n.d.) [List of automobile companies in Germany, over $200M in sales]. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.lexisnexis.com
MarketLine. (2020, January 13). Ford Motor Company [SWOT analysis]. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com
Homma, A. (2020, February 24). Apparel and footwear in the US [Country report]. Passport. https://go.euromonitor.com/passport.html
Euromonitor. (n.d.). Apparel and footwear USA [Market sizes]. Passport. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://go.euromonitor.com/passport.html
Euromonitor. (2018, February 8). Population change as a megatrend driver [Briefing]. Passport. https://go.euromonitor.com/passport.html
Euromonitor. (n.d.) Apparel and footwear dashboard: Store-based retailing [Chart]. Passport. Retrieved June 4, 2020, from https://go.euromonitor.com/passport.html
Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.
PitchBook Data. (n.d.). [List of VC-backed biotechnology companies in North America with a minimum revenue of $10 million]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://pitchbook.com/
PitchBook Data. (n.d.). [List of buyouts/leveraged buyouts of fintech companies in North America between January 1, 2015 – June 1, 2020]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://pitchbook.com/
PitchBook Data. (n.d.). PitchBook emerging tech report: Fintech – Q1 2020. https://pitchbook.com/
PitchBook Data. (n.d.). Airbnb [Company profile]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://pitchbook.com/
PitchBook Data. (n.d.). The Carlyle Group [Investor profile]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://pitchbook.com/
PRS Group. (2018, April). Czech Republic. In Political risk yearbook. https://epub.prsgroup.com/
PrivCo. (n.d.). PopSockets [Company profile]. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://system.privco.com/auth/login
Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.
PrivCo. (n.d.). [List of VC-backed companies in the Boulder, CO, area with up to $500M in revenue]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://system.privco.com/auth/login
(formerly Reference USA)
Look in the Business Demographics section for the Last Updated date.
If the title of the company profile is sufficiently unique to identify the company profile (i.e. there is only one of that company in that city & state), then the company name with city is the title:
Data Axle. (2020, September). Jackson Hewitt Tax Svc-Walmart, Kenai, AK [Company profile]. Reference Solutions. Retrieved January 26, 2021, from https://www.referenceusa.com
If there are multiple locations of that business in that city/state, include the exact address in parentheses as a form of unique number identifier:
Data Axle. (2020, September). Jackson Hewitt Tax Svc-Walmart (3101 A. St, Anchorage, AK) [Company profile]. Reference Solutions. Retrieved January 26, 2021, from https://www.referenceusa.com
Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.
Data Axle. (n.d.). [List of companies in Walworth county, Wisconsin with 5 or more employees]. Reference Solutions. Retrieved January 26, 2021, from https://www.referenceusa.com
Batter, A. (2016, November/December). The impact of a double trigger on the section 162(m) deduction. Journal of Corporate Taxation, 34-38.
Thomson Reuters. (2020). 2020 RIA federal tax handbook. http://checkpoint.riag.com/
(product is renamed -- see MRI Simmons entry)
Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.
Look at the Variable Metadata or View Metadata section in order to get the Source information -- which agency collected the data. The Date is whatever year the data were collected.
SimplyAnalytics. (2019). [% households consuming imported beer/ale: Drank in last 6 months, for ZIP codes 55416, 55401, and Minneapolis metro area] [Data set]. MRI Consumer Survey US. http://app.simplyanalytics.com
SimplyAnalytics. (2019). [Map of Minneapolis, MN metro with family income $200,000 and over]. Census US. http://app.simplyanalytics.com
SimplyAnalytics. (2019.) [% food - Snack/dessert ice cream & sherbet - Brand Haagen-Daaz, entire US] [Data set]. SimmonsLocal US. http://app.simplyanalytics.com
SimplyAnalytics. (2018). [Map showing # multimarket data - Leisure activities - Current level of interest in major league soccer (MLS) - Somewhat, for Minneapolis-St. Paul DMA]. Scarborough Local Insights. http://app.simplyanalytics.com
If you accessed S&P content from NetAdvantage (as in the Scarola example) rather than Capital IQ, use the appropriate name in the Source element.
Standard & Poor’s. (2020). Restaurant Brands International [Company profile]. Capital IQ. https://www.standardandpoors.com/
Standard & Poor’s. (2020). Transaction screening: Bankruptcy announcement date 5/20/2020 - 5/27/2020 [Data set]. Capital IQ. https://www.standardandpoors.com/
Scarola, C. & Ko, W. (2020, May). Aerospace & defense [Industry survey]. S&P NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com
Standard & Poor’s. (2020, June 20). Keurig General Electric Company [Stock report]. S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com
SBRnet. (n.d.). Basketball: College fan market summary. Sports Market Analytics. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/home.aspx
SRDS Media Solutions. (n.d.). Beloit Daily News [Publication profile]. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://next.srds.com/
SRDS Media Solutions. (2018). Atlanta, GA [DMA profile]. https://next.srds.com/
Don’t include anything like Inc., LLC, etc. in the author name -- SQAD and not SQAD, Inc. even though it’s listed with Inc. on the PDF report. See p. 296 in the Manual.
SQAD. (2020). Augusta, GA [SQAD TV report]. SRDS Media Solutions. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://next.srds.com/
Loose, N., Spearman, J., & Gewise, J. (2021, May). Online shops: Amazon in China 2021 [Report]. Statista Global Consumer Survey - Brand Report. https://ecommercedb.com/
Look under the Source section for “Survey by” -- that is the author
Daniel Research Group. (2019, September). Unit shipments of mobile personal computers (PCs) and laptops in the United States, from 2013 to 2023 (in millions) [Chart]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/
Statista. (2020, May). Laptops & tablets [Consumer market outlook]. https://www.statista.com/
Armstrong, M. (2020, June 4). UK government approval on the slide [Infographic]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/
Zekauskas, J. (2020, March 10). Albemarle Corporation: J.P. Morgan conference takeaways [Analyst report]. Thomson ONE. https://www.refinitiv.com/en
If you retrieved Thomson Reuters content from another product, change the Source to whichever product name you used.
Thomson Reuters. (2019). Equity risk premium: Brazil, China, India, Russia 2018-2019 [Data set]. Eikon. https://www.refinitiv.com/en/products/eikon-trading-software
Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.
Uniworld. (n.d.). [United States firms with subsidiaries in Norway]. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from http://uniworldonline.com/
Look at the bottom of the company’s stock page for the dates of the PDF reports -- usually approximately quarterly. Those are the archived reports and should be the preferred date.
Value Line. (2020, May 22). Delta Air Lines. Value Line Investment Survey. https://jump.valueline.com/
Use the date that describes when the data was collected.
Vividata. (2019, Fall). Candy/snacks - chewing gum - prsnlly chewed past 6 mths [Base: Age 14+] [Data set]. https://vividata.ca
Use a direct/permalink URL whenever available.
International Financial Statistics. (2020). Government finance: Japan 2013-2020 [Data set]. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org
World Health Organization. (2020, June 2). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Situation report - 134. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200602-covid-19-sitrep-134.pdf?sfvrsn=cc95e5d5_2
Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2020, May 28). Price indexes for personal consumption expenditures by major type of product and by major function. (Table 2.3.4U) [Data set]. United States Department of Commerce. https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&nipa_table_list=2013&categories=underlying
Eurostat. (2020). Area under organic farming [Data set]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/sdg_02_40
Since the title of the dataset is not very descriptive of your particular data retrieved, include a description of the variables you used so that somebody else could figure out what you did.
Standard & Poor’s. (n.d.). Compustat daily updates - fundamentals annual [Microsoft Corporation: Income statement items - January 2015 to January 2020] [Data set]. Capital IQ. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/
The Center for Research in Security Prices. (n.d.). CRSP daily stock [Tesla Motors stock prices from 2007 to 2020] [Data set]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/
List Partners. (n.d.). The Wendy’s Company. Winmo. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://www.winmo.com/
These were made through the contributors’ considerable discussion of APA’s guidance for databases and other web sources. We also received helpful guidance from the APA’s Timothy McAdoo.
Selected principles from APA, as advised by Mr. McAdoo, that guided our citation of business databases:
This working group was organized by Naomi Schemm via a BusLib-L call for volunteers. The document was created in May and June 2020. Many thanks to each of the contributors, without whom the document could not be so exhaustive:
Marcia Dellenbach - Business and Economics Librarian, University of Illinois at Chicago
Zachary Grisham - Research Services Librarian, Marist College
Marianne Hageman - Research and Instruction Librarian, University of St. Thomas
Naomi Schemm - Business Reference & Instruction Librarian, University of Wisconsin Whitewater
Natalia Tingle - Business Collections & Reference Librarian, University of Colorado Boulder
Matt Trowbridge - Business Research Librarian, Lippincott Library of the Wharton School
Amanda Wheatley - Liaison Librarian for Management, Business, & Entrepreneurship, McGill University
Last updated 4/15/2022. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA-4.0 license
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