Black Studies

The following links provide information on citation styles for papers and projects in the Black Studies Program.  These pages can be used as reference guides for formatting papers and properly citing sources.  Keep in mind that some professors may have additional citation requirements; consult with your professor to insure that all citation expecations are fulfilled for your papers. 

According to the University of Missouri System's Collected Rules and Regulations regarding Student Conduct, plagiarism "includes, but is not limited to: (i) use by paraphrase or direct quotation of the published or unpublished work of another person without fully and properly crediting the author with footnotes, citations or bibliographical reference; (ii) unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or agency enggaed in the selling of term papers or other academic materials; or (iii) unacknowledged use of original work/material that has been produced through collaboration with others without release in writing from collaborators."

• American Medical Association (AMA): a formatting style commonly used for Medicine and Biomedicine papers.  This format is also associated with the Vancouver citation style (see below).
  • AMA Manual of Style (from The American Medical Association)
  • American Medical Association Style JAMA (from the Florida State University College of Medicine)
• American Psychological Association (APA): a formatting style commonly used for Social Studies papers.
  • Basics of APA Style tutorial (Flash tutorial from the APA)
  • APA Formatting and Style Guide (from the Purdue Online Writing Lab [Purdue OWL]; multiple links are available for specific elements of the research paper)
  • APA Style Blog (from the APA)
• American Sociological Association (ASA): a formatting style often used for papers on topics in Sociology.
  • Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style) (from the Purdue Online Writing Lab [Purdue OWL]; links are also available for In-Text (Citation) References and References Page Formatting)
  • Quick Tips for ASA Style (from the American Sociological Association)
  • ASA Style Citations (from Coates Library, Trinity University)
• Chicago/Turabian: formatting styles commonly used for papers written about topics in History.  The Chicago style is used for papers that are seeking formal publication; the Turabian style is primarily for student papers or other scholarly works that will not be formally published.
  • Chicago links:
    • Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide (from The Chicago Manual of Style Online)
    • Chicago Manual of Style Guide (from the Purdue Online Writing Lab [Purdue OWL])
  • Turabian links:
    • Turabian Quick Guide (from A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations)
    • Turabian & Chicago Citation Style Examples (from Northwest Missouri State University)
    • Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style (from Georgetown University)
• Modern Language Association (MLA): a formatting style commonly used for papers written about Humanities-related subjects.
  • MLA Formatting and Style Guide (from the Purdue Online Writing Lab [Purdue OWL])
  • What's New in the Eighth Edition (from the Modern Language Association)
• Vancouver: a formatting style commonly used for papers written for Dentistry, Medicine, and other Health-related fields.  This format is also associated with the American Medical Association (AMA) citation style (see above) and the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Style.
  • International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Sample References (as posted on the National Library of Medicine web site)
  • Citing Medicine (from the National Library of Medicine)